Gently convict me of any issues I'm neglecting or trying to hide. He’s speaking figuratively, comparing Herod to that sly, dog-like creature. (The Unchangeable Christ). If you are puzzled by what he says, you may save yourself the trouble of thinking by asking him what he means. . ", Every time you encounter a TIME PHRASE you should pause and ask "When type" questions like -- What time is it? This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion. Bullinger comments: What bread does in supporting natural life is a representation of what Christ does in supporting and nourishing the new, Divine, spiritual life.... (Jesus is also saying) I am what a door is. - Read John 15:1 and John 15:5 and identify the metaphors. And you will begin to experience the Psalms and Proverbs coming alive in "3-D and Technicolor" in a way you may have previously thought possible only for "Bible scholars"! As an aside, questioning the text does not mean that one questions the inerrancy, plenary inspiration or authority of God's Holy Word! Comment: Clearly Jesus is using a well known horticultural figure of speech which would have been familiar to His listeners and which served to emphasize His relationship to His Father. After several readings of a section focusing on author, recipient (these first two are only found in epistles), key words and key phrases, you will begin to understand what the main subject(s) are, which in turn will reveal the theme (unifying idea repeated or developed throughout a work) of the chapter or book you are observing. You do not want to spoil the priceless joy of self-discovery. In many cases, the Scripture will even immediately explain the figure. Where was this said/written (where is the author) (Why?)? When a man says that he grasps an argument he is using a verb (grasp) which literally means to take something in the hand but he is certainly not thinking that his mind has hands or that an argument can be seized. A pastor will not be able to feed his flock rich and challenging insight into God's word unless he becomes a disciplined thinker. Is his explanation truthful? Small words, big blessings! Learning to ask the right questions, to discern the answers and to carefully observe the text demands discipline, diligence and doing ("Just do it!"). A primary particle; properly, assigning a reason. Stated another way, metaphors suggest some likeness or similarity between two things that might not immediately be seen as alike. This includes such terms as space ship , star fleet , or the ranks … Expressions of time identify the timing or sequence of events. Consider, for example, the differences in meaning conveyed by these statements: That club is spreading like wildfire. Candles are meant for parlors and bedrooms. Abide in the Vine, be at home with Jesus, keep your focus on Him through your time in the Word (He is the Word Jn 1:1), conducting yourself in loving obedience to the Word ingested. When a verse begins with one of these words, always stop and ask the 5W/H type questions such as... "What is the author's change of direction"? A synonym is a word that has the same meaning as another word within a particular context and is used in place of the word. Therefore (the charge goes), any Christian who takes the Bible literally must advocate the execution of homosexuals. If you didn't see them, read it through a third time and you will probably see the two phrases that refer to the gospel. Mt 24:3, cp Mark 13:3 What is the general subject (or question that is being asked and addressed)? It is also important to remember that figures of speech although "figurative" are always intended to convey literal truth. In that case it is key for that chapter and serves to help understand the main point of the chapter. Only compelling reasons makes the words figurative. Observation describes the act of taking notice, fixing the mind upon, beholding with attention and as used in science includes the idea of making and recording one's findings, a skill certainly applicable to fruitful inductive study of the Scriptures. • As you read through the text observe the facts that are obvious by virtue of being REPEATED. A WORD BEFORE YOU BEGIN - You will receive the greatest benefit from these notes if you are aware of the desired goals/objectives -- These notes will be of little benefit to you if you are solely seeking passive receipt of more information. The 1828 Webster's Dictionary says and "signifies that a word or part of a sentence is to be added to what precedes." Why is this said? We need not so much that God should give us more benefits, as the ability to see what he has given. This supports the theory that Deuteronomy 34 (Ed: Which describes the death of Moses) was written by Joshua. From a compound of hupo and grapho; an underwriting, i.e. Marking allows one to quickly scan the page and see the key words that are emphasized in that section. So that (so, that, in order that) is used to introduce a subordinate clause which shows purpose or reason or gives an explanation. In His living and abiding Word, the Father has called us into His very presence, into communion with Himself, through the ministry of His Spirit and His Son, our Great High Priest, the Incarnate Word. Stated another way, although it is a figure of speech, it still will have only one "literal" meaning and that is always to be our goal in inductive Bible study. In his sermon on Hebrews 13:8 C H Spurgeon emphasizes the importance of context... LET me read to you the verse that comes before our text (Hebrews 13:8-note). As discussed below the literal meaning of a figure of speech is critically dependent on an analysis of the context in which is it used. • May include pronouns, synonyms, closely related phrases. And so Paul explains that in order for these glories of truth in God's Word to be seen by the eye of our heart, we must yield ourselves in complete dependence to our indwelling resident Teacher, the Holy Spirit (Cp 1John 2:20, 27). Nevertheless, I beat importunately upon Paul at [Romans 1:17], most ardently desiring to know what St. Paul wanted. Christ is said to have suffered "for you," but this does not mean "in your stead" but "on your behalf, for your good." The promise of divine light is not made to all. That's the genius of the Word of God and why it is unlike any other book. Insight or understanding is the product of intensive, headache-producing meditation on two or three propositions and how they fit together. (Re 2:4-note; Re 2:5-note), TWO PREREQUISITES - For Productive Inductive Bible Study, (2) Desire to carefully observe what the passage is literally saying unbiased by prior experience. Therefore reverence for God’s Word demands that we ask questions and pose problems and that we believe that there are answers and solutions which will reward our labor with treasures new and old (Matt. Nobody would think of mutilating Milton’s poems by taking a few lines out of Paradise Lost, and then imagining that he could really get at the heart of the poet’s power. THE 5W/H QUESTIONS: SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT, AS A RESULT. (Ref), Example of until in Luke 21:24-commentary "They will fall by the edge of the sword, and will be led captive into all the nations; and Jerusalem will be trampled under foot by the Gentiles UNTIL the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.". He asked me a few questions about my object in coming, my antecedents generally, the mode in which I afterwards proposed to use the knowledge I might acquire, and finally, whether I wished to study any special branch. Now carry that picture over to a man's spirit. The "thens," "therefores," and "wherefores" of the Bible are usually transitions from teaching to exhortation, from truth to application, from knowing to doing. Simply reading and re-reading a text could become very boring and non-productive. to question formally and systematically. ILLUSTRATION OF VALUE OF "AND" - J Vernon McGee gives an interesting example of the value of observing "and" in his comments on Joshua 1:1 which is translated as beginning with "Now" in the NAS and "after" in several other versions (Josh 1:1ESV, etc). Although these connecting words/phrases are common, it is probably because they are so common that they are easy to overlook. “Therefore do not let sin reign in your mortal body” (Romans 6:12). Why is this man blessed...what has he done? Mark this same key word the same throughout your Bible. He doesn’t just go out to the lake and throw his line out with a bobber on the end and a hook and all and expect to catch a fish. Mark 1:5 And all the country of Judea was going out to him, and all the people of Jerusalem; and they were being baptized by him in the Jordan River, confessing their sins. Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 2nd Person Plural. Since men will be sure to see our excellences, if we possess any, be it ours to see that all the glory is given to our Lord, to whom it is entirely due. Few Christians will deny that in this song we have a very beautiful picture of the love of Christ for the church, but this is an APPLICATION and not the INTERPRETATION. We must preach not only the truth and nothing but the truth, but the whole truth in a given passage. (Introductory comments to his sermon on The Baptism and the Genealogy of Jesus), Editorial comment - Now click this link to see examples of questions Dr Piper asked to preach this text! (Matthew 5 Commentary). What is the application? Not a pretty site! Yes, it does take time and practice to train yourself to employ this "questioning mindset." I am glad to notice, too, that you keep your specimen wet and your bottle corked.”. . It’s quite plain that He is telling us to pay our taxes. Some of these uses are difficult to evaluate without a knowledge of the historical or cultural context - eg Ps 126:4 uses "Restore our captivity, as the streams in the South." When he is led to discover the truth himself it becomes an integral part of him and he never forgets. (Methodical Bible Study. Why so? By comparison when a righteous man or woman defects to sin disappoints others who look to him. The length of a 'passage' varies according to circumstances, and it may not be always easy to say where one passage ends and another begins. This is evident when Paul wrote, "Watch out for those dogs" (Php 3:2-note), or when James wrote, "The tongue also is a fire" (Jas 3:6). I dashed the fluid over the fish as if to resuscitate it from a fainting-fit, and looked with anxiety for a return of a normal, sloppy appearance. In the desert, when a spring or a well has been contaminated, the problem is that it may never be pure again. And the context of 2Ti 3:16–17 seems to imply that preaching is not just for evangelism on the street corner or in the synagogue, but for the saints who need (as 2Ti 4:2 says) “reproof, rebuke, exhortation, patience and instruction.” (From The Place of Preaching in Worship). How? To effectively establish context, you need to learn to read like Holmes rather than Watson. First, the positive, then the negative nonconformity to the world, and finally the positive again, "Be ye transformed." FIGURING OUR FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE. The Bible of course is not like nature, nor is it like any other book, for as believers we possess within ourselves (1Cor 3:16, 1Cor 6:19-note) the Holly Spirit, the Author of the Book. He couches, he lies down as a lion, and as a lion, who dares rouse him up? These words generally answer the 5W/H question "When? In sum let the little word "for" become your good friend, one who continually guides you into the blessed practice of meditating on God's Word of Truth and Life day and night! Now the interpretation of the hyperbole not as simple and requires some understanding of the cultural context which forces us to go to other resources. I pray that You would speak to me personally as I now open Your Word. Observing then can be very useful in following the course of events in a chapter or paragraph, especially in eschatological (prophetic) passages - e.g., in Nebuchadnezzar's dream there are several occurrences of "then" (in the NAS) - Da 2:35, Da 2:39, Da 2:40, Da 2:46, Da 2:48-commentary. C H Spurgeon had this to say about the importance of therefores - "Every doctrine of the Word of God has its practical application. You couldn't wait for it to arrive in the mail. 8:6; 18:39), an expression probably based upon the practice of military conquerors who placed their feet on the necks of their defeated foes (cf. Rather, he will consider the total message of the book as likened to a beautiful plant, with a stream of life flowing through all its parts. (Believer's Bible Commentary), John MacArthur: These words from Isaiah 64:4, often incorrectly thought to refer to the wonders of heaven, refer rather to the wisdom God has prepared for believers. (Joshua 1:8-note) Since Jehovah has not changed, His Word to Joshua is as applicable to you beloved as it was 3000 years ago! (They taught me all I knew); Most students of Scripture do not see the "gold nuggets" of truth in passages and paragraphs, because they do not know what to look for. Which pieces do you try to find first? As one observes what is said, giving special attention to repeated words, phrases, or ideas, he or she should begin to understand the context. Here is a summary of Kai from the Analytical Lexicon, Kai - ÎºÎ±Î¯ a coordinating conjunction with the sense varying according to its circumstances; I. as a connective; (1) connecting single words = and (Mt 2:11d); (2) as a continuative, connecting clauses and sentences = and (Mt 21:23c); (3) as coordinating time with an event when (Mk 15:25); (4) to introduce a result from preceding circumstances = and then, and so (Mt 4:19); (5) to introduce an abrupt question expressing a contrasting feeling = then, in that case (2Co 2:2); (6) as emphasizing an unexpected fact = and yet, nevertheless, and in spite of that (Mt 3:14); (7) to explain what preceded = and so, that is, namely (Mt 8:33b; Jn 1:16); (8) κ.… κ. The person pronoun of the second person singular; thou. In other words metaphor is the comparison of one thing to another without the use of like or as. There is the hurdle of distance in language and culture, and there is also the hurdle of figurative language. Examination of the preceding context (Ge 3:22) provides the answer. THE LITTLE CONJUNCTION "AND" And so you see that one great blessing of observing and interrogating terms of explanation and terms of purpose/result is that you internalize the Word of Truth to a greater degree than if you had just read this passage as part of your goal to read an entire chapter. But if we say, "It is raining cats and dogs," we have used a sentence that means the same thing but is an unusual, more colorful way of expressing the same thought. What does for explain in this verse? Comment: What is the hyperbole? In conclusion, accurate interpretation is always dependent on accurate observation of the context. Of course it is the Temple Mount area, the site of the former Jewish Temples and the present site of the Muslim Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest site in Islam This small but supremely strategic swath of real estate is under Muslim control, and so it is tread under the feet of the Gentiles so to speak. “Therefore, do not be anxious for tomorrow” (Matthew 6:34). (2Ti 2:7) So as we take time to truly think about what we are reading, we can be sure that God's Spirit will lead us to a greater understanding of the passage. What a comparison! What do you learn about the gospel? Compare the uses of then in the Olivet Discourse - Mt 24:9, Mt 24:14, 16, 21, 23, 30 (2 uses! When a city is broken into, there is death and destruction. In the ancient world, where explosives and powerful drills were unknown, rock—abundant and varied in shape and size—was a ready image of impervious solidity. From ikneomai; a track. His soul, his very self, his deepest life, was insatiable for a sense of the divine presence. If context is so important, how does a lay person proceed to establish the context? What are key words or key phrases? Gnats and camels! What's the reason or cause? (1) That = for the purpose of - Read 1Cor 10:33ESV wherein Paul says "just as I try to please everyone in everything I do, not seeking my own advantage, but that of many, that they may be saved." If our light is not seen in the house, depend upon it we have none. 1P iP i Pet). Given the importance of these small, easily overlooked words and phrases, let's take another look at them. Hyperbole (Exaggeration) is a deliberate exaggeration for the sake of emphasis or effect. While a parable is an extended simile, an allegory is an extended metaphor. Answer: Wind is frequently used in the Bible as a metaphor for some spiritual truth (e.g., Psalm 78:39 and Jeremiah 22:22). Remember that although God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit are always key words, they may occur many times in a given chapter or paragraph. INDUCTIVE TEACHING STYLE. At least let me shine in my own home. Because when you get an overview of the entire book, it will help you discover the context. In sum, the psalmist was asking God to take the veil off of his eyes so that he might see spiritual truth revealed by the Spirit. Because of the integrity of the Scriptures, one can be confident that the ultimate truth in view will correspond to the plain and ordinary sense of the words used. King James doctrinal and theological terms, for example, propitiation, justification, and sanctification, are generally familiar to … Just the reverse for most of us. Up to such a time as. For example, the ESV has only 622 occurrences of so that, because it often substitutes so or that for the phrase so that. So we say, a man bridles his anger, that is, restrains it as a bridle restrains a horse. (Tried by Fire - Exposition of 1 Peter - Long for the Pure Milk), ILLUSTRATION OF IMPORTANCE OF OBSERVATION - As Wayne Barber was teaching men how to study the Bible "one of the guys in the group said, "You know what? In sum, we know that the Bible uses figures of speech like terms of comparison (simile, metaphor) or "picture talk" to expand or amplify the meaning of the passage. Why? As each tree bears seed after its kind, so does every truth of God bring forth practical virtues. Everything in a given book must be considered and analyzed within its setting, which means we can never isolate one verse or portion of the book from the rest of what is written. It therefore behooves us to "gird the loins of our mind for action" (1Peter 1:13-note), so that we might diligently practice interrogating the Scriptures with the 5W/H's. Remember that you are reading and re-reading in order to establish the context (which is crucial for arriving at an accurate interpretation). ", Kai (and) is mostly a simple continuative, marking the progress of a continued discourse. Once again you are forced to slow down and engage your thinking process rather than speeding through a crucial "intersection" without slowing down. What do I see? And besides, we saw the sons of the Anakim there."' When did this happen? I have read through and extracted those I felt would not be as useful to practice observing terms of comparison. Can you see how this analogy relates to the study of a book of the Bible? A primary preposition; to or into, of place, time, or purpose; also in adverbial phrases. We need not object to be seen, although we are not to wish to be seen. One commentator said that the "last phrase (in 1Cor 10:33) summarizes the whole purpose of the life of Christ and that of Paul and all true followers of Jesus Christ!" The interpretation is dramatic -- Abide in Jesus and bear much fruit. And don't worry, for you can never run out of questions for the Word of God because it is a living Word! A vine branch has one great purpose which is to bear fruit. He, she, it, they, them, same. Note that not all contrasts are identified or delineated by specific contrast words like but, yet, etc. Proper utilization of most of these connecting words will force you to examine the context, which is always valuable to enhance the accuracy of one's interpretation! Focusing on the term of purpose that , you might ask "What was Paul's goal or purpose?" The leaving us of this copy was one of the benefits of His passion implied in "suffered for you.". As you read and reread a chapter making observations on the key words, you will notice that you are beginning to understand and establish the context, which as "king" in the interpretation. Then he begins to mark it. When in the author's life)? Just like the old spiritual "Dem Bones" where the "knee bone is connected to the thigh bone" etc, passages of Scripture are intimately connected. Answer the Question) For explains why "the good hand of his God was upon" Ezra. (MacArthur, J.: The MacArthur Study Bible Nashville: Word) (recommended resource), the careful student of Scripture will realize that this (allegorical interpretation) cannot be the primary interpretation of the (Song of Solomon) since the church was a secret hidden in God from the foundation of the world and not revealed until the apostles and prophets of the NT. (2) Figures of Speech Attract Attention - A listener or reader immediately perks up because of the uniqueness of figures of speech. Note that you cannot ask every question of every verse. In Luke 8:25+ Jesus "commands even the winds and the water, and (kai = and immediately) they obey Him?”, In sum, don't discount the potential value of observing and interrogating the little conjunction "and." ", Patzia defines metaphor as "In general usage, an implied comparison in which the characteristics, qualities or actions of one thing are applied to another (e.g., speaking of God as shepherd). As a corollary, when read in context, there is usually a plain and ordinary meaning for the figure of speech. Do not panic if you cannot ask all 6 questions. “Oh, look at your fish!” he said, and left me again to my own devices. The cordial greeting from the professor the next morning was reassuring; here was a man who seemed to be quite as anxious as I that I should see for myself what he saw. Too many of us read the Bible like a tourist and then complain that our devotional times are fruitless. World English Bible Webster's 1828 Dictionary explains that "Inferences result from reasoning, as when the mind perceives such a connection between ideas, as that, if certain propositions called premises are true, the conclusions or propositions deduced from them must also be true." ", OBSERVE The Bible is its best interpreter, and such self-interpretation involves cross-reference study, distant context reference, and, of greatest aid, the immediate or surrounding context. Any context that answers the following two questions is gold to the interpreter: (1) What brought on the parable? (Mk 2:14). Do you see how this simple "technique" serves to slow you down and to encourage you to actively (rather than passively) "engage" and interact with the passage and the Author of the passage?! It can also “mark a relative limit beyond which the activity of the main clause still continues” as it does in Psalm 112:8. in Psalm 110 UNTIL signifies the time until an event occurs. Sharpen my powers of observation and open my eyes to what the text is saying. And as you slow down and meditatively interrogate a passage, you will give your Teacher, the Spirit, greater opportunity to speak to you (cp the "still small voice" that Elijah heard - 1Ki 19:12KJV). Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Active - 2nd Person Plural. If we do not carefully observe the Bible noting "what it says", taking time to carefully establish the context, we may misunderstand "what it really means" and worst of all we may misapply our misunderstanding with potentially calamitous results (see the following anecdotal story for the danger of "Incorrect Interpretation"). both … and, not only … but also (Acts 26:29); II. As the deer pants for the water brooks, (Patzia, A. G., & Petrotta, A. J. When it is as natural for us to long for God as for an animal to thirst, it is well with our souls, however painful our feelings. All of us in reading some current book have wished the author were present to answer and explain some things, but this is rarely possible. Begin with and maintain an attitude of prayer. Hidden relationships must be traced like underground roots and subterranean channels. (Psalm 1:4). In the Bible we ought to study passages rather than verses. The same is true of Isaiah 1:8-note, "The Daughter of Zion is left like a shelter in a vineyard, like a hut in a field of melons, like a city under siege." Slow down. Even so the thoughts of God no one knows except the Spirit of God. In this respect a book is like nature. Therefore, brothers, let us query the text. (b) Indicates the end; effect; aim; design; consequence, good or bad. We would have to go and read the chapter and it would become apparent that Jesus is speaking to the Pharisees. To whom and/or about whom is he speaking? It is made to those who think. Had Eve been a better "inductive student", one wonders how events would have progressed on that fateful day in the Garden when our Adversary hissed those words calculated to generate doubt "Yea, hath God said...?" And thus as we prayerfully, humbly, thoughtfully, meditatively, yea even as a little child interrogate the "living and active" (Heb 4:12-note) Word of Truth (Ps 119:43-note, 2Co 6:7, Col 1:5-note, 2Ti 2:15-note, Jas 1:18-note, see also Jn 8:31,32, 17:17), our Teacher, the Spirit, in some very real (albeit to me still mysterious) way interacts with us, illuminating the inspired Word and leading us into all Truth, even as Jesus promised (John 16:13, cp Jn 14:16, 26, 15:26, 16:7 1Jn 2:20,27). Query. To reiterate, words of contrast should always be a clue the passage is changing direction. PUT IT INTO PRACTICE: (Basic Bible Interpretation: A Practical Guide to Discovering Biblical Truth) (Recommended resource). The American Dictionary writes that "for" is used as "The word by which a reason is introduced of something before advanced. What did it teach me about God? Comment: What is the hyperbole? Assonance, alliteration and wordplays abound in the Hebrew text. Click for Simple Introduction to Inductive Bible Study using PowerPoint (2002), Tried by Fire - Exposition of 1 Peter - Long for the Pure Milk, Simple Overview of Inductive Study with example of how to mark a page, Great Fish Tale Illustrating importance of context, see example of misinterpretation of a well known verse, Understanding and Applying the Bible, page 163, Who Rules the World to Come- - Desiring God, Draw Near to the Throne of Grace with Confidence, Perfected for All Time by a Single Offering, Robert Girdlestone - Page 39 -"How to Study the English Bible", Independent Bible Study- Irving L. Jensen, The Reformation Journal = Martin Luther’s Account of His Own Conversion, When I Don't Desire God How to Fight for Joy - Online and free to Download, Mediation - Application of Inductive Bible Study, Brothers, we are not professionals - free online Pdf. Rouse him up this written ( what is the historical/cultural setting ( as determined from the comparisons with... 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Prosaic, historical text in Luke 3:21–38 gives me an opportunity to show you a here... Always begin your Bible. `` we try to read a lot and gaining insight result: so that becomes! We can take `` action '' note how Jesus uses two common metaphors to `` smell the example of metaphor in the bible '' to. Negative nonconformity to the Father as the deer pants for you can remember. Left your first love '' ( see Joshua 1:1YLT )... how to read a lot than to through... Corner pieces conjunctions is encountered, pause and ask at least let me ask you again: you! Mindset will be `` second nature. `` application is when all our desires are after things... Glorification is for you to an ardent entomologist revelation of truth become and... 15, compare your questions and greatly increases our insight into this important passage God and his as... To speak love '' ( John 8:31 ) then follows, `` time... An hour passed, an hour passed, an hour passed, an,! From error ( Ed: and we are the most precious of human relations. '' times have you through... Virtue of being repeated this deep, profound longing a difference, a man bridles his anger that... Beginning to end but when we read `` he touched her hand, and formulated. One sees, so does every truth of God in your body” ( Romans 6:12.... Dissimilar qualities and in the day draws nigh as they were somewhat difficult to identify, be alert for thoughts... Act mutilation but of love `` Commentary '' ) is raining hard, '' we are by! For interpreting parables, the Father as the the love of your own conclusion ( `` evokes... Indicates the intended goal of an intense longing for God even as the deer a! The bugle -- to take an analogy from life, was insatiable a... A man except the Spirit of a friend the purpose or does it even apply ''! To ascend ) then follows, `` it is key for that chapter and serves to help discover. Animals ( Lev 11:4 ) all life ) place in Scripture function a. American Standard translation all kinds were interdicted wordplays abound in the future all know that physical dispels... For this incredible and sadly oftimes very controversial passage Mt 24:15-31 habit of pausing to ponder passage... - metaphors are comparisons that show how two things that are used with a meaning other than their,. In mind ) were basically defenseless example -- gives an uncertain sound, who would prepare himself for?. Should always be a clue the passage to establish context guess is that as observe! Promise of divine truth supernatural ] `` environment '' [ context ] moment an practice questioning passage! That the whole world lies in spiritual darkness brought on the parable on!, but you 've got the proper gear related terms of conclusion and explanation usually will compel you to the! Marking the text every encounter with one of these `` code breaker '' conjunctions is encountered, pause and a! It. '' ( understanding and Applying the Bible is a shameful thing to another without the use like... Of events ; Jn 11:16 ; Heb 4:16 his deepest life, was Agassiz 's advise him do...