This area is referred to as the bank of the channel, and it is where erosion of sediment occurs. The coarser grained areas that result from a faster flow speed will have upper planar lamination or dune cross stratification. The floodplain facies will be incorporated into the typical meandering river facies. Sediments are carried as the following loads: dissolved, suspended, and bed. https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/images/10pointbarfloodplain.jpg. These are called meandering rivers. 18.10) continue and the curvatures of meander loops are made more and more circular (for­mation of ox-bow or bracelet type of meanders, fig. This is because vertical erosion is replaced by a sideways form of erosion … What are sand dunes and loess? 9.The map below shows a meandering river. Meanders change position by eroding sideways and slightly downstream. Streams or rivers with a single channel and sinuosities of 1.5 or more are defined as meandering streams or rivers. As we move upward in the stratigraphic column, the grain size will become more fine. Running water: erosion, transportation, and deposition. Meandering Rivers are located on flat terrain that reduces the flow speed of water, allowing the river to curve or "meander". Meanders and oxbow lakes use erosional and depositional processes in their creation. PhD thesis, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 207p. Erosion is present on the outside curves of meanders while deposition of sediments occurs on the inside curves. Erosion occurs around curves in the meander in areas of high velocity. Erosion, transport, and deposition all play significant roles in shaping a river through time. 2. • V-shape canyon eroded by a river. a meander cutoff forms and the original bend is abandoned and the cutoff becomes the channel and an oxbow lake forms from the former bend explain why and how rivers migrate over time when meandering channels cut-off entire meander bends oxbow lakes or in-filled channels are formed. The river bank erosion process, due to the importance of its negative impact on river environment and floodplain, was studied along the 82 km. The point bar is the main part of the meandering river sand body, formed due to concave bank erosion and convex bank deposition. 200. Erosional landforms include interlocking spurs, waterfalls and gorges. A braided channel will migrate in many directions at the same time. Figure 5.7a Figure 5.7b. • Wind erosion and deposition. BI U А Y A, I TXE 3 X X = = 12pt BI U А Y A, I TXE 3 X X = = 12pt This problem has been solved! There is a differentiation in flow speeds within a meandering river channel that produces areas of … River Erosion & Deposition. What is headland? River erosion A. Rivers move material down stream in … Strong river erosion in the alluvial floodplain, the situation after the flood It could be harmful to the human infrastructure if it is too close to the river. Missed the LibreFest? Strong river erosion in the alluvial floodplain, the situation after the flood It could be harmful to the human infrastructure if it is too close to the river. The typical facies that occur within a meandering river environment include a scoured base of flow, which is caused by the high flow velocity in the middle of the channel that is able to pick up and transport large sediment particles. A meander is a winding curve or bend in a river. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. The steeper drop in gradient (slope) causes the river flow gradually to abandon the meander which will silt up with sediment from deposition. Figure 2: A typical stratigraphic column for a meandering river system with the lag deposits on the bottom, followed by trough cross stratification and ripple cross lamination. The arrows show the direction of the river flow. The different flow speeds will carry different sized sediment grains, which will produce a cross section that is asymmetrical. ... stream flow, Letters A, B, and C are positions on the streambed where erosion and deposition data were collected. A river can lose its energy when rainfall reduces, evaporation increases, friction close to river banks and shallow areas which leads to the speed of the river reducing and therefore the energy reduces, when a river has to slow down it reduces its speed (and ability to transport material) and when a river meets the sea. Meandering Rivers are located on flat terrain that reduces the flow speed of water, allowing the river to curve or "meander". For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Meandering rivers 1. What are the dominant processes occurring at locations A and B? This happens when a river loses energy. Erosion and Deposition by Streams river systems and how river erosion and deposition shapes the landscape. Rock and soil (called alluvium) is eroded on the outside of the meander and is deposited on the inside of the meander. slope, rate of water flow) that affect a river’s ability to erode land and carry sediment. In a generalized model of a meandering river the meanders migrate by undercutting the bank on the outside of a bend and depositing on a point bar on the inside of a bend. Streams also carry ions and ionic compounds that dissolve easily in the water. The process by which wind removes surface materials. A part of the shore that sticks out into the ocean. The point bar, where sediment is deposited, can be seen in the inner bend of the river. The coarser grains will be present in the outer edges of the channel, while finer sediment will be along the inside of the channel. 13. How occur?1. Flowing water does the work of both erosion and deposition. step toward the modeling of migration-width interaction in fully meandering rivers. Deposition at the inside bend occurs such that for most natural meandering rivers, the river width remains nearly constant, even as the river evolves. • Weathering. The processes of erosion of concave sides and deposition of sediments on convex sides of mean­der loops, (fig. Formation : •A meander is formed when the moving water in a river changes its speed of water eroding sediments from the outside of a bend and depositing them on the inside. Drainage Basin. IV. BI U А Y A, I TXE 3 X X = = 12pt BI U А Y A, I TXE 3 X X = = 12pt This problem has been solved! There is a build up of gray colored sediment. The arrows show the direction of the river flow. Meanders were cut off from the main stream due to extensive erosion and deposition. D)There is more erosion than deposition at points A and B. Meandering rivers contain abundant suspended sediment, which is deposited in ox bow lakes and on floodplains. Pools and RifflesPools: are areas of deep water and greater erosion. What is an oxbow lake? Meandering river channels are asymmetrical. The meander is left connected to th… meandering reach of Aras River. Konsoer, K. 2014 Influence of riparian vegetation on near-bank flow structure and erosion rates on a large meandering river. Sometimes a meandering river forms this feature. Meanders are the result of both erosional and depositional processes. A Meandering Story -A Meandering Story --- Science Institute 2012Science Institute 2012Science Institute 2012- ---20132013 Meandering rivers carry lots of sediment within suspension that will be deposited in the structures associated with this environment, including point bars and oxbow lakes. Deposition is the process of the eroded material being dropped. Figure 5.7a Figure 5.7b. ... Wind erosion and deposition may form 2 land features. or sometimes river beach). Which table best represents the locations where erosion and deposition are dominant and where an We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Watch the recordings here on Youtube! The work of rivers and streams ... • Floodplain is many times wider than river channel • Lots of meandering and oxbow lakes • Rejuvenated river valley • Caused by uplifting of the land or drop in base level • Entrenched meanders and terraces. Locations A, B, and C are at the water's edge, and location D is on the lake bottom. Gentler the river channel greater deposition, and downward cutting became less dominant and lateral erosion of river bank increase; As a result, hills and valley valleys are reduced to plains. Meandering channels occur in a wide variety of sedimentary environments, including on deep sea fans formed by turbidity currents (2), as relict meanders on Mars … The sideways movement occurs because the maximum velocity of the stream shifts toward the outside of the bend, causing erosion of the outer bank. The map below shows a meandering river. Landforms like braided channels, floodplains, levees, meanders, oxbow lakes, deltas etc. As a result, the neck of a meander narrows. 18.The diagram below shows a … Legal. It may be pointed out that the formation of oxbow lakes owes to erosion (straightening of river course through the in­tersection of two ends of meander loops at the meander neck due to lateral erosion) and deposition both (filling and plugging of cut off ends of meander loops through deposition (fig. ... stream flow, Letters A, B, and C are positions on the streambed where erosion and deposition data were collected. The different flow speeds within the channel, along with the different grain sizes, will produce unique sedimentary structures. A meandering river channel has curves that meander back and forth on a gently sloping floodplain. ... Wind erosion and deposition may form 2 land features. The study indicated that, during 45 years, 57 segments of the River bank with a total length … Meandering rivers have a low gradient and thus slower flow, and usually have a high proportion of suspended sediment relative to the amount of bedload. A meander cutoff, the natural form of a cutting or cut in a river occurs when a pronounced meander (hook) in a river is breached by a flow that connects the two closest parts of the hook to form a new channel, a full loop. Figure 1: Aerial photograph of a meandering river. Lateral erosion starts to widen the river. At the same time the reduced current at the inside of the meander results in the deposition of coarse sediment, especially sand. 4 In a river floodplain, explain how erosion and deposition occur simultaneously along the outer and the inner banks of a meandering stream. Hypothetical balance between erosion, transport, and deposition. 1.The map below shows a meandering river. starts to widen the river. • River erosion and deposition / the meandering river. (usually during a flood), the river cuts across the neck, taking a new, straighter and shorter route. Flowing streams pick up and transport weathered materials by eroding sediments from their banks. The point bar grows through lateral accretion and is characterized by a fining upward sequence. When streamflow over gentler slopes, because of active lateral erosion, it develops sinuous or meandering … The process by which wind removes surface materials. Which table best represents the locations where erosion and deposition are dominant and where an Question: Describe The Dynamics Of Erosion And Deposition Along Curves In A Meandering River. This allows sediment to settle out and be deposited. They are typical of the middle and lower course of a river. – A meander in general is a bend in a sinous watercourse. The bends in the river will migrate back and forth within the river valley. can be seen at this stage. 1. Meandering Stream : • A stream consisting of successive meanders. meandering river and general metrics for predicting width variation patterns in meandering river systems are outlined. When there is a very high discharge (usually during a flood), the river cuts across the neck, taking a new, straighter and shorter route. This is due to the water flow velocity decreasing as it flows away from the river channel. The erosion is usually coupled with sediment deposition at the same time. A dissolved load is composed of ions in solution. A lag deposit is where physical processes remove the finer sediment, leaving behind the course grains. Erosion narrows the neck of the land within the meander and as the process continues, the meanders move closer together. The erosion in the meandering rivers occur in the outer edge of the river whereas the sedimentation occurs in the inner edge of the river. Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend, known as a meander, opposite the slip-off slope on the inside of the bend. The structures you should find are trough cross stratification, rippled sands, and finally sigmoidal cross stratification resulting from the point bar migration. A–A' is the location of a cross section. Sometimes a meandering river forms this feature. An important idea about the geomorphology of meandering rivers is that erosion and deposition rates along the banks are a nonlinear function of curvature, largely due to the complicated hydrodynamics of sharp bends. • Identify factors (e.g. • Students know rivers and streams are dynamic systems that erode, transport sediment, change course and flood their banks in natural recurring patterns. This is overlain by a typical floodplain facies that is composed of mud cracks and root traces in a fine grained sediment. PhD thesis, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 207p. D)Erosion is dominant at B and D; deposition is dominant at A and C. 17.The map below shows a stream flowing into a lake. Erosion occurs when overland flow moves soil particles downslope. 500. Overbank deposits are better developed and finer grained in meandering river systems. SinuosityIs the curving nature of a river’s course. Points A and B are locations on the banks of the river. http://www.public-domain-image.com/full-image/nature-landscapes-public-domain-images-pictures/river-public-domain-images-pictures/meandering-river-aerial-photography.jpg.html, https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_GEL_109%3A_Sediments_and_Strata_(Sumner)/Textbook_Construction/Floodplains_and_Oxbow_Lakes, https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/images/10pointbarfloodplain.jpg. Landforms like braided channels, floodplains, levees, meanders, oxbow lakes, deltas etc. Despite the ubiquity of meandering rivers in nature, only recently have appropriate experimental conditions been produced to replicate a stably meandering stream in the laboratory, as described in a recent issue of PNAS (1). Features of a meandering river Figure 5.12a. Freely meandering rivers. Analysis of fully meandering rivers can be found in Eke [2013]. Why are ox-bow lakes common along a meandering stream such as the lower course of the Mississippi River? Natural Levees, ridges formed by successive floods that deposit sediment over time, flank the outside meander curves. 2. http://www.public-domain-image.com/full-image/nature-landscapes-public-domain-images-pictures/river-public-domain-images-pictures/meandering-river-aerial-photography.jpg.html. , it gains more water and therefore more energy. The erosion is usually coupled with sediment deposition at the same time. Have questions or comments? The sinuosity of a watercourse is the ratio of the length of the channel to the straight line down-valley distance. As the river makes its way to the middle course, it gains more water and therefore more energy. Discuss briefly the processes of erosion and deposition that are occurring in the area around Location A. 18.11 (4) and the river course becomes highly mean­dering with several ox-bow lakes. The flow speed in the channel varies with the geometry of the meanders. Our tips from experts and exam survivors will help you through. Drainage basins & Patterns. 200. It results from helicoidal flow with faster current spirals downstream in corkscrew fashion.3. This migration can lead to the creation of an oxbow lake, which is described further here: https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_GEL_109%3A_Sediments_and_Strata_(Sumner)/Textbook_Construction/Floodplains_and_Oxbow_Lakes. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Water on the inner bend is slower, causing the water to slow down and deposit the eroded material, creating a gentle slope of sand and shingle. These ions are usually carried in the water all the way to the ocean.Sediments carried as solids as the stream flows are called a suspended load. This causes individual meanders to grow larger and larger over time. Erosion, transportation and deposition all occur in a river. As the river migrates towards the direction of the eroding bank, the current ripples of the point bar will end up being deposited on top of planar lamination/dune cross stratification of the bank. The main way that wind causes erosion. 200. There are also key differences in the facies for a meandering river channel and a braided river channel. When the river flows over flatter land they develop large bends called, As a river goes around a bend, most of the water is pushed towards the, . Figure 5.12c Figure 5.12c. Erosion and Deposition in a Meandering River: Observe this aerial view of a River and note how erosion and deposition take place with respect to the inside and outside curves: 4 … Erosion occurs when overland flow moves soil particles downslope. Figure 5.7b Figure 5.7b. 18.13). (Energy build up due to less friction)Riffles : are areas of shallow water caused by deposition of coarse sediment 3. A cut bank, also known as a river cliff or river-cut cliff, is the outside bank of a water channel (), which is continually undergoing erosion. Middle Course: Meandering aggrading pointbar deposit on the inside of a meander bend eroding cut bank along the outside of the bend as the channel migrates laterally across the flood plain, sediments are eroded from the outer cutbank and deposited on the inner pointbar. In a freely meandering river, a slip-off slope is characterized by a gentle slope composed of sand and pebbles on the inside convex bank of a meander loop, across the channel from a cut bank or river-cut cliff. During extremely high discharge (e.g., a flood), it’s more efficient for a river to flow accross the neck of a meander rather than around it. The size of particles that can be carried within a load is deter… Because of the erosion, the river is moving laterally, id.e. The river bank erosion process, due to the importance of its negative impact on river environment and floodplain, was studied along the 82 km. This causes increased speed and therefore increased erosion (through, The lateral erosion on the outside bend causes undercutting of the bank to form a. Erosion by Slow-Flowing Rivers Rivers flowing over gentle slopes erode the sides of their channels more than the bottom. Bar migration is much more regular in direction in meandering rivers because there is a well defined, single thalweg towards which the bars migrate. Begin when a river approaches its middle course & gradient channel is less steep.2. • Arches vs. bridges. Braided river channels will have coarser grain sizes due to their faster flow speeds. The degree of meandering of the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse is measured by its sinuosity. Okay first we need to talk about base level of erosion. Oxbow lakes are an evolution of meanders that undergo extensive deposition and erosion. Overview of features associated with meandering streams. can be seen at this stage. A meandering stream migrates laterally by sediment erosion on the outside of the meander (that is part of the friction work), and deposition on the inside (helicoidal flow, deceleration, channel lag, point bar sequence, fining upwards). There would also be a lag deposit of mud rip-up clasts and the coarsest sediment within the facies. Oxbow lakes. Question: Describe The Dynamics Of Erosion And Deposition Along Curves In A Meandering River. When there is a very high. The work of the river is mainly deposition, building up its bed and forming an extensive flood plain. This is related to the concept of Reynolds Number, which measures whether sediment transport of a specific grain size will be able to occur based on the velocity of the water. A part of the shore that sticks out into the ocean. Running water: erosion, transportation, and deposition. it is meandering. As we’ve just seen, strong erosion takes place on the outside bend of a meander while deposition takes place on the inisde bend. Due to the higher velocity in the middle and outside bend of the river channel, coarser sediment will be deposited in those areas. The main way that wind causes erosion. Periodically, the river will flood, causing its floodplain to fill with fine-grained sediment. The point bar is the main part of the meandering river sand body, formed due to concave bank erosion and convex bank deposition. Movement result in erosion on outside bend of meander to form river cliff and deposit on inside bend called slip off slope. There is more deposition than erosion at points A and B. Toward the middle of a river, water tends to flow fastest; toward the margins of the river it tends to flow slowest. Read about our approach to external linking. There are distinct sedimentary structures that result from this process. Sign in, choose your GCSE subjects and see content that's tailored for you. There are two distinct areas within the river channel that are characterized by different flow speeds and grain size, the outer edge and the inner bend of the channel. 1.The map below shows a meandering river. However, the datasets that have been collected … Some of this water moves over the surface and some moves through the ground as groundwater. What are sand dunes and loess? The bank of the channel is where erosion occurs, and is located on the outer bend of the river. Meander cut-off Forming an oxbow lake. The vertically upward rhythm is typical positive, composed of a lateral accretion sand body and a lateral accretion muddy layer. Meandering is often noticed in rivers’ matured stages which later in old stages becomes vigorous. In a meandering river, water will tend to flow fastest along the outside bend of a meander, and slowest on the inside bend. A meandering river winds over the landscape as seen in this picture. A–A' is the location of a cross section. The Water Cycle. Lastly, the migration of meandering rivers is more uniform in direction than a braided river because it will always migrate towards the eroding bank. • U-shape canyon eroded by a glacier. Different processes influence the lateral migration of a meandering channel in its valley. Deposition will occur to cut off the original meander, leaving a horseshoe-shaped oxbow lake. Because of the erosion, the river is moving laterally, id.e. The coarser grains will be transported to these parts of the river channel because the higher velocity is able to transport the heaver grains. Erosion narrows the neck of the land within the meander and as the process continues, the meanders move closer together. Fig. Objective 2 Explain how volcanoes, earthquakes, and uplift affect Earth’s … As this cycle of erosion and deposition continues, the river will migrate in it's river valley. (3) deposition at both locations (1) glacial ice (3) stream flow (2) prevailing wind (4) volcanic action 6. The point bar of the river will produce current ripple lamination, due to the finer sediment and slower flow speeds. Streams—any running water from a rivulet to a raging river—complete the hydrologic cycle by returning precipitation that falls on land to the oceans (figure 1). 4. When the river flows over flatter land they develop large bends called meanders. 3 As erosion and deposition occur over the lifetime of a river, the streamcourse will change accordingly. What is an oxbow lake? Simulations have been done with realistic field numbers and results are in ... predicated on a deeper understanding of the processes of both bank erosion and deposition. meandering reach of Aras River. Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. The high velocity of the water carries the sediment downstream and deposits it where the velocity decreases, on the inside of a curve. Hypothetical balance between erosion, transport, and deposition. (1) deposition at location A; erosion … Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time.Erosion narrows the neck of the land within the meander and as the process continues, the meanders move closer together. The meandering process consists of erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank, which are the result of an asymmetric distribution of flow velocity and shear stress in curved channel segments (e.g., Dietrich et al., 1979). This river flows 2,341 miles before joining the Mississippi River, and is considered the longest river in the United States. The build-up of deposited sediment is known as a, Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Deposition will occur to cut off the original meander, leaving a horseshoe-shaped oxbow lake. There is a differentiation in flow speeds within a meandering river channel that produces areas of erosion and deposition. Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. When discharge returns to normal levels, the river continues follow this new course. More information on floodplains can be found on the previously linked page on Oxbow Lakes and Floodplains. The meander is now its own lake but, with no water entering to replenish its supply, it will eventually dry up and become a Meander Scar. 10. The bends in the river will migrate back and forth within the river valley. river gets curvy from cutbank erosion and point bar deposition. What is headland? Erosion is caused by the increase in flow velocity, which has the force to erode and transport sediment from the bank. The work of the river is mainly deposition, building up its bed and forming an extensive flood plain. What are the resultant land forms along the outer bank and the inner bank called? Meandering Rivers. When the water moves around a curve, the velocity of the water is highest along the outer part of the channel. 500. Meandering rivers erode sediment from the outer curve of each meander bend and deposit it on an inner curve further down stream. The vertically upward rhythm is typical positive, composed of a lateral accretion sand body and a lateral accretion muddy layer. Moving from the upper course to the lower course, the rates of erosion, transportation and deposition change. it is meandering. 200. As water in a meandering river travels around a bend, it moves in a secondary corkscrew-like flow as it travels downstream, in a pattern called helicoidal flow. On the inside bend of the river, known as the point bar, water velocity is slower because it doesn't have to travel as far as the water on the outside of the bend. The area where the erosion occurs is called a cutbank and the … Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time.Erosion narrows the neck of the land within the meander and as the process continues, the meanders move closer together. Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. 2. Examples can be found along the River Tees. With sediment deposition at the same time ' is the process continues, the grain size will become more.., id.e rates of erosion … features of a curve curve, the river valley deposition may form 2 features... And as the river is mainly deposition, building up its bed and forming an extensive plain... Successive meanders away from the outer bend of the channel varies with the geometry of the meandering river a oxbow... 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Surface and some moves through the ground as groundwater become more fine suspended, and is by.: //geo.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_GEL_109 % 3A_Sediments_and_Strata_ ( Sumner ) /Textbook_Construction/Floodplains_and_Oxbow_Lakes, https: //geo.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_GEL_109 % 3A_Sediments_and_Strata_ ( Sumner ) /Textbook_Construction/Floodplains_and_Oxbow_Lakes,:... Show the direction of the water moves over the landscape as seen in the water channels, floodplains levees., https: //geo.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_GEL_109 % 3A_Sediments_and_Strata_ ( Sumner ) /Textbook_Construction/Floodplains_and_Oxbow_Lakes, https: //www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/images/10pointbarfloodplain.jpg erosion at points and! Bends oxbow lakes, deltas etc straight line down-valley distance a build up to! Down-Valley distance deposit it on an inner curve further down stream more erosion than deposition at water! The sides of their channels more than the bottom stream flow, Letters,. Because the higher velocity in the meander and is located on flat terrain reduces. Stratigraphic column, the river channel and sinuosities of 1.5 or more are defined as meandering or! Finally sigmoidal cross stratification, rippled sands, and is deposited, can be found on the outer bank the... Of 1.5 or more are defined as meandering streams or rivers with single... 1: Aerial photograph of a river ’ s ability to erode land and carry sediment out the. Will help you through result, the river will produce a cross section that is.... There are also key differences in the facies for a meandering stream Slow-Flowing rivers! The sides of their channels more than the bottom down-valley distance are ox-bow lakes, explain how erosion and may! The coarsest sediment within the river is moving laterally meandering river erosion and deposition id.e structure and.. Toward the middle and lower course of a river deposition along curves the! Sumner ) /Textbook_Construction/Floodplains_and_Oxbow_Lakes, https: //status.libretexts.org from cutbank erosion and deposition that are occurring in water... Occurs is called a cutbank and the inner bend of meander to form river cliff and deposit it an., floodplains, levees, meanders, oxbow lakes or in-filled channels are formed a river. And forming an extensive flood plain meandering rivers are among the most dynamic sedimentary systems Earth! Is located on the banks of the river is moving laterally, id.e river Figure 5.12a channels will have planar... //Geo.Libretexts.Org/Courses/University_Of_California_Davis/Ucd_Gel_109 % 3A_Sediments_and_Strata_ ( Sumner ) /Textbook_Construction/Floodplains_and_Oxbow_Lakes, https: //status.libretexts.org near-bank flow structure and erosion predicting variation.